Richard Stanley
Well-Known Member
In the following long excerpt from Bartram, we see that he and Bardaisan has stumbled across the same issue with the same royal dynasty as did Ellis, and at the very same time (see the red highlighted text below). As we know, Ellis has relocated Josephus' misdirection from Adiabene to Edessa and identified the early first century Edessan royals as cuckholds from Parthia, Phraates IV and V and the secret daughter of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII, Thea Muse Ourania.
In any case, the focus is on the very same characters.
Abgar V the Black, Ukkāmā -- As Ellis suggests 'kama' for the black soil of Cleopatra's Nile?
In any case, the focus is on the very same characters.
Abgar V the Black, Ukkāmā -- As Ellis suggests 'kama' for the black soil of Cleopatra's Nile?
...
And which king had famously converted to Judaism at this time? Izates/Izas, son of "Helen" of Adiabene.
The “Letter” would then be - to conflate the notices about “Letter’ or “Letters” in all our sources - a variation on the one James sent down via “Judas Barsabas” ( a.k.a. Judas the brother of James, a.k.a. Judas the Zealot, a.k.a Judas Thomas, a.k,a. Thaddaeus, a.k.a. Lebbaeus - and a.k,a., possibly, “Judas Iscariot” ) to “Antioch” with his rulings appertaining to overseas communities, even according to Acts’ somewhat tendentious presentation. In other words, what we have in this Qumran archive, are copies of the actual letter, brought down by Judas, James’ brother, to the “King” of the Edessenes or Adiabene -- which is unimportant. [Bartram's quote from?: (James D. G. Dunn, "4QMMT and Galatians," New Testament Studies 43 (1997): 151) - rs]
This is the ruler, playfully misnamed by Josephus as Izates and Izas:
And this is the problem for Bardaisan, wanting to justify his friend taking over the rule there in the late second century: to him, the lineage of the rulers from the early-first century until his time are invalid, which means a 'mistake' was made at the start of the dynasty in the first century.
Bardaisan's explanation for this purported error he reveals in the trial of the divine man: he has two of the same name, one being:
Barabbas or Jesus Barabbas (a Hellenization of the Aramaic bar abba בר אבא, literally "son of the father" or "Jesus, son of the Father" respectively) is a figure in the accounts of the Passion of Christ, in which he is the insurrectionary whom Pontius Pilate freed at the Passover feast in Jerusalem, instead of Jesus...
Bardaisan lets the insurrectionist go free, because he - Abgar/Izates - takes over Edessa. The divine man is crucified as 'king of the Jews' because Bardaisan regards this man as the rightful king dispossed. All this theological myth-making for such a small matter - rule of a small state few know and nobody cares about.
The political mistake Bardaisan and the king make is in attaching blame to imperial Roman authority - Pilate - and the Herodian Sanhedrin. The result is that he goes on the run from Severan authority, though the ending is inevitable: the king is invited to Rome and killed, Bardaisan disappears and Rome takes over the kingdom.
That could have ended the story, but (a) Izates is a hero-cult figure in Northern Mesopotamia and by the end of the second century is put on a pedestal as a divine man, and (b) the Chrestian Church is growing nearby, in Asia Minor. He appears in Luke/Acts:
One of them, named Agabus, stood up and through the Spirit predicted that a severe famine would spread over the entire Roman world. (This happened during the reign of Claudius.) (Acts 11:28)Where did Luke find his raw material for the prophecy of Agabus of a great famine to transpire in Claudius' reign, of Paul's trip from Antioch to deliver famine relief funds to Jerusalem, and for the earlier tale of Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch? Again, from Josephus (though perhaps also from other cognate sources of information). It all stems, by hook and by crook, from the story of Helen, Queen of Adiabene, a realm contiguous and/or overlapping with Edessa, whose king Agbar/Abgarus some sources make Helen's husband. (Robert Eiseman's JAMES THE BROTHER OF JESUS: A Higher-Critical Evaluation by Robert M. Price) ...